Reference
- Coulombs: 1 C = 1 A·s. A 1000 µF cap charged to 12 V holds 0.012 C and 0.072 J.
- Equivalent capacitance: series 1/C = Σ1/Cᵢ. Parallel C = ΣCᵢ.
- Time constant: τ = R × C. 5τ is fully charged (>99%). See RC time constant.
Q = C × V (charge stored). E = ½ × C × V² (energy stored). I_avg = Q ÷ t (average current over charging time).