Power factor
For resistive loads (incandescent bulbs, heaters) cosφ ≈ 1. For motors, fluorescent ballasts and switching power supplies it’s typically 0.7–0.9. Industry equipment often must be above 0.95 to avoid utility penalties.
DC: P = V × I. Single-phase AC: P = V × I × cosφ. Three-phase AC: P = √3 × Vline × I × cosφ. Choose the system and supply any two values.
For resistive loads (incandescent bulbs, heaters) cosφ ≈ 1. For motors, fluorescent ballasts and switching power supplies it’s typically 0.7–0.9. Industry equipment often must be above 0.95 to avoid utility penalties.